National-level consumption-based and production-based utilisation of the land-system change planetary boundary: patterns and trends

To achieve responsible consumption and production under UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12, national agri-food need to be assessed against environmental limits. We downscaled the land-system change planetary boundary allocated national-scale cropland limits for via fair-share allocation based on population, biophysical available arable land. country-level utilisation of quantifying footprints (including imports/exports) using an environmentally extended multi-regional input–output model. Consumption-based were production-based Most countries’ exceeded their limit while was less pronounced. Conversely, China India’s safely within (utilisation percentages 80% 74%, respectively), 132% 165%, respectively). Assessing can provide a basis countries act as individual entities, or collectively, develop policies that mitigate global demand minimise risks associated with exceedance boundary.